Forsometimepast,ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andot...
問題詳情:
For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(報酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(產生) this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on. Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them. It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.
1.According to the writer, babies learn to do things which _______.
A.will satisfy their surprise B.will meet their physical needs
C.are directly connected to pleasure D.will bring them a feeling of success
2.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.
A.would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B.would continue the simple movements without being given milk
C.would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
D.would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
3.In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.
A.be praised B.please their parents
C.be rewarded with milk D.have the lights turned on
4.The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.
A.they succeeded in “turning on” the lights
B.the sight of lights was interesting
C.they need not turn back to watch the lights
D.the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”
【回答】
D B D A
知識點:閱讀理解
題型:未分類
-
根據句意及首字母,寫出單詞,使句子意思完整1.Mym________birthdayisDecember13t...
問題詳情:根據句意及首字母,寫出單詞,使句子意思完整1.Mym________birthdayisDecember13th.2.Ilikep________music.3.Shew________toplaybaseball.4.Thelittleboywantssomec________.5.MissWangiso________musicteacher.6.Doyouwanttoplaywiththedogn________?7.Let'sp_...
-
已知(1+ɑx)(1+x)5的展開式中x2的係數為5,則ɑ=( )A、-4 B、-...
問題詳情:已知(1+ɑx)(1+x)5的展開式中x2的係數為5,則ɑ=( )A、-4 B、-3 C、-2 D、-1【回答】D知識點:計數原理題型:選擇題...
-
有關敘述:能說明M比N的非金屬*強的敘述是 ①非金屬單質...
問題詳情:有關敘述:能說明M比N的非金屬*強的敘述是 ①非金屬單質M能從N的化合物中置換出非金屬單質N。 ②M原子比N原子容易得到電子。③單質M跟H2反應比N跟H2反應容易得多。 ④氣態*化物水溶液的**H...
-
造成太平天國運動與以往農民起義具有新的不同特點的主要原因是( )A.領導階級不同 B.所處的...
問題詳情:造成太平天國運動與以往農民起義具有新的不同特點的主要原因是( )A.領導階級不同 B.所處的時代不同C.指導思想不同 D.起義*組成不同【回答】B知識點:近代*反侵略求*的鬥爭太平天國運動題型:選擇題...
相關文章
- BeijingOperaisthequintessence(精髓)ofChina.It'sthemostwel...
- It'sinterestingtoseehowpeoplemakeuseofthetimetheyspendo...
- —WhatdidhethinkofthetriptoBeijinglastmonth?—Hehadsucha...
- 完形填空JoeSimpsonandSimonYateswerethefirstpeopletoclimbthe...
- It'slateeveninginthemiddleofthewinter.Thesnowisdeep,but...
- Accomplishmentisoftendeceptive(導致誤解的)becausewedon’tseet...
- —Daddy,whichofthesesmarthatsdoyoulikebestinthehatshop?—...
- 71.ThethreeboystudentsMissWhitepaidspecialattentionto
- The90’speopleseemtohaveenjoyedthegreatbenefits
- Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofw...