Theworldwouldhavebeensomuchbetterifweallknewhowtosayand...
問題詳情:
The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培養) proper behaviour in kids. Behaviour modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behaviour in children as well as adults.
Behaviour modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviours in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behaviour modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner, an American behaviourist. These techniques are used in behaviour modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behaviour in children.
The commonly used behaviour modification techniques are positive reinforcement(強化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behaviour that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement behavioural strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behaviour because the desired behaviour was performed. For example, letting a child not help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting(使服從於) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behaviour.
The behaviour modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behaviour modification. Though the behaviour modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培養) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such a behaviour is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parentchild relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.
Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behaviour modification in children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behaviour. It is true that there are various behaviour modification techniques available for encouraging proper behaviour in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈愛) environment.
Title: Techniques for Modifying Behaviour
(39)________ of BM | Establishing various appropriate behaviours and discouraging undesirable ones, aiming to correct and instill proper behaviour in individuals. |
Types of BM techniques | ●Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing a (40)________ behaviour by means of rewarding it. ●Negative reinforcement: (41)________ a negative consequence or a behaviour. ●Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition (42)________ to an improper behaviour. |
BM techniques for children | ●For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results, but they are not totally (43)________. Effective ways ●Communicating (44)________ with children and focus more on childparent relationship. ●Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward. |
●Remembering to (45) ________ to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance. ●For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles. Effective ways ●Playing their role through classroom management designed for the (46) ________ of potential problems. ●Teaching (47)________ skills needed in our society. ●Monitoring children's behaviours continuously. | |
(48)________ | Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behaviour in children. |
【回答】
39. Definition 40. desired/proper 41. Removing
42. due/owing/thanks 43. reliable/dependable
44. effectively 45. stick/ keep 46. prevention
47. problemsolving 48. Conclusion
知識點:閱讀表達
題型:未分類
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